SAMPLE 1: "PSYCHOLOGY and THEORISTS"

Individuation (Mahler)

Mahler's theory of separation individuation basically says that there is a distinction to be made between the psychological birth of the child and the physical birth of the child. The latter occurs during the physical birth and separation, whereas the psychological birth is a gradual process that only commences on the fourth month of the baby, going through to the first three years, and then moving on ever forward after that initial phase. The process has distinct phases, during which the baby is first totally dependent on the mother and the mother and child are inseparable psychically, and after which the baby progresses and regresses towards becoming a separate psychic identity able to relate to the world without the mother. The regressive backward steps are periods where the child goes back to being dependent; to be followed by periods where the child becomes more psychically evolved compared to his or her previous self. This is observable in my own experience dealing with infants, who by the time they reach the age of three are observably much different from what they were as infants totally dependent on their mothers for everything. By the time they are three and beyond they are able to deal with the world and are much more developed as individuals than infants ("Margaret Mahler-Schonberger").

Sublimation (Freud)

By sublimation as Freud conceived it we understand that we channel the sexual energies away from their overt and dissipated expression and release, towards higher motives and goals. This is the reverse of acting out on our lower impulses. Sublimation can take the form of a person, for example, channeling his sexual energies towards creating a work of art over a sustained period of time, or sublimating the sexual energy to attaining a higher consciousness, through meditation. The idea is that the sexual drive can be pushed up to the higher realms of man, so to speak, to power the intellect, the spiritual energy, and the creative drives. When one channels one's energies to studies, for example, rather than to acting out the lower sexual impulses by going to the bars and chasing after women, one is sublimating (Thornton).

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SAMPLE 2: "JESUS ON ETHICS"

Spohn (1999) in his article Go and Do Likewise: Jesus on Ethics expounds on Jesus as the paradigm for Christian moral life. He adopts two extreme views where one proposes seeing Jesus as "everything", meaning that certain evangelical and fundamentalist Christians claim that human beings are sinners and cannot achieve moral insight on their own. On the other side of the spectrum are those who view Jesus' role as "nothing much" to do with ethics. The author posits that most Roman Catholics take this view and are more likely to see Jesus as "not much".

In no uncertain terms, the author proposes an alternative view of looking at Jesus role where He plays a normative role as the concrete universal symbol of Christian ethics. Through faithful imaginings, Jesus' story becomes paradigmatic for moral perception, disposition and identity. He explores on the fact that Jesus Christ is the definitive but not the exclusive revelation of God as he takes the readers into deeper levels of moral experience. He begins his discourses with moral perception that notices the significant features of experience. Then it goes on to the moral dispositions which guide Christians on how to act, until the moral identity, that is who we are and what we seek to become manifests. He continues on and explains how these three aspects of moral life interplays with one another in the process.

One is struck by the practice of Christian prayer in his musings since he maintains that it is a refreshing thing to ponder on the practice of prayer and to learn how to use it in life. In a unique way, he mentions how reflection on the practice of friendship leads into a reflection on Christian prayer, since prayer is the language of friendship with God. Looking at prayer this...

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SAMPLE 3: "American Negro Slavery"

The resistance to slavery was prevalent and took diverse forms, proving to be costly and disconcerting to the owners. Feigning illness, breaking tools, shoddy work, insolence, utter disobedience and running away – these were only a few of the many ways that slaves exerted their independence and countered their owners' power.

Authors Robert Fogel and Stanley Engerman of Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery explain the quantitative methods that demonstrate how these slaves were skilled and efficient workers. Adopting an entirely different view, critics during that time were quite critical on the essence of the book. It shows the slaves had vigorous health and strength where they saw the institution of slavery as prosperous due to its rewards towards both slaves and their masters. It looked too many that the slaves seemed better off than the Northern industrial workers, as some could possess and attain managerial positions in their plantations. Families did not have to separate and the abuse was not harsh. The authors' research reveals that there was a highly disciplined, highly specialized, and well coordinated labor force (Fogel & Engerman, 1974). Fogel and Engerman (1974) perceived these large scale operations on plantations as efficiencies that were featured by "the organization of slaves into highly disciplined, interdependent teams capable of maintaining a steady and intense rhythm of work" (Watkins, 1999).

This was how the authors interpreted the issue of slavery which was quite a different view from the usual criticism, since this adopted defense of slavery. In their Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery, they used quantitative methods to show that the slaves were actually skilled and efficient workers who managed to be independent yet efficient in their labor work. It is on this note that the authors saw the top quality...

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SAMPLE 4: "WALT DISNEY COMPANY"

It is the objective of the Walt Disney Company to be one of the world's leading producers and providers of entertainment and information, by the efficient use of its portfolio of brands, services and consumer products. According to George Mitchell, Chairman of its Board, the goal is to "establish governance as a high priority" (Nelson). The company highly relies on its Board to help shape the company's overall course s well as to hold management accountable for its performance. Throughout the years, audiences, consumers and shareholders have come to depend on the company for quality, creativity, innovation and integrity (Nelson).

The company employs rewards to motivate employees such as the Spirit of Fred Award. This award originated from a model employee called Fred, who rose from the ranks. Five people taught him the values necessary for success at Disney and this inspired him to be friendly, resourceful, enthusiastic and dependable (FRED), where each letter stands for the acronym of his name represented by a good virtue of the person. It is worth noting that the employees at Walt Disney strive to uphold these virtues such that this Lifetime Fred Award became a much-coveted award. Management believes that what tends to motivate workers the most are such intangibles as management's appreciation for their performance, being kept informed about things that affect them and having a sympathetic manager who takes the time to listen to them (Disney Meetings). There are also other perks given to employees so that they will be encouraged to perform consistently at a heightened level. These rewards are well-appreciated by employees and they can come in the form of gift certificates like a spa gift certificate or days off or fancy parties. The gifts are chosen to enhance the sense of a job well-done. Consequently, this results in...